Biden Administration Unveils Comprehensive National Security Strategy for AI

On October 24, 2024, the Biden administration released a significant National Security Memorandum (NSM) that is set to shape the future of artificial intelligence (AI) in the U.S. and beyond. Titled “Memorandum on Advancing the United States’ Leadership in Artificial Intelligence; Harnessing Artificial Intelligence to Fulfill National Security Objectives; and Fostering the Safety, Security, and Trustworthiness of Artificial Intelligence,” this nearly 40-page document represents the most detailed articulation of the U.S. national security approach to AI to date.

This announcement and the accompanying Framework to Advance AI Governance and Risk Management in National Security were requirements stemming from an earlier Executive Order on AI issued in October 2023.

Focusing In on Frontier AI Technologies

Historically, discussions within AI and national security circles have revolved around deep learning technologies that have gained traction since 2012. These systems powered essential applications such as facial recognition, autonomous vehicles, and recommendation algorithms. However, with the advent of models like ChatGPT by OpenAI in 2022, the spotlight has shifted towards what are now termed ‘frontier AI models.’

The NSM officially describes these frontier models as “general-purpose AI systems near the cutting-edge of performance” and underscores their importance for national security. As highlighted in the memorandum, recent innovations have catalyzed a paradigm shift that the U.S. government cannot overlook.

A Historical Perspective: Lessons from the Past

In a speech accompanying the release of the NSM, Jake Sullivan, assistant to the president for national security affairs, equated our current AI moment with transformative technologies like nuclear capabilities and space exploration. He cited historical documents like NSC-68, which responded strategically to the Soviet Union’s nuclear program, as inspiring the development of the AI NSM. While the context differs, it’s clear that the Biden administration views this memorandum as a pivotal strategy document that highlights how AI can transform national security.

Who Is This Document For?

The NSM aims to engage various audiences:

1. U.S. Federal Agencies: The NSM lays out policies and specific roles for federal agencies to ensure effective implementation.
2. U.S. AI Companies: The memorandum clarifies the roles of public and private sectors, emphasizing the necessity of private companies in national leadership.
3. U.S. Allies: The NSM serves as a guide for allies to understand the significance of frontier AI and to explore collaborative opportunities within the U.S.-led AI ecosystem.
4. U.S. Competitors: While not explicitly naming adversaries, the memo serves as a strategic signal to nations like China and Russia that the U.S. is committed to maintaining its competitive edge.

Key Objectives of the NSM

The NSM outlines three primary objectives for U.S. national security regarding AI:

1. Maintain U.S. Leadership in AI Development: This entails attracting global AI talent and enhancing energy and data infrastructures crucial for AI development. The document emphasizes the importance of creating pathways for skilled non-citizens to contribute to U.S. innovation in AI.

2. Accelerate Adoption of Frontier AI Systems: The Biden administration recognizes that having cutting-edge technology is vital, but so is effectively incorporating these systems into national security plans. Strategies will include refining hiring practices and improving acquisition processes to facilitate private sector involvement.

3. Develop Robust Governance Frameworks: This entails setting clear protocols regarding who has authority in AI decision-making and outlining how AI can be responsibly used. Notably, agencies will designate chief AI officers charged with oversight and compliance.

Ensuring Safety and Security

One of the intriguing aspects of the NSM is how it intertwines safety and security with the ambitious goal of accelerating AI adoption. As Sullivan pointedly expressed, ensuring trust and security will actually expedite innovation rather than hinder it.

The memorandum tasks the recently established U.S. AI Safety Institute (AISI) with developing guidelines for testing new AI systems before public use, enhancing the safety net around frontier models while fostering responsible innovation.

The National Security AI Governance Framework

The accompanying National Security AI Governance Framework introduces four key pillars that federal agencies must adhere to when crafting AI governance policies:

• AI Use Restrictions: Establishes prohibited applications and categorizes high-impact AI uses.
• Minimum Risk Management Practices: Specifies baseline safeguards for high-impact AI applications.
• Monitoring AI Usage: Mandates transparent inventory and oversight of AI activities across agencies.
• Training and Accountability: Focuses on developing standardized training for personnel interacting with AI systems.

By distinguishing the Framework from the NSM, the Biden administration allows for responsive updates while maintaining the integrity of both documents.

What Lies Ahead?

As the U.S. approaches the presidential election, the role of the AI NSM hangs in the balance. The likelihood of its provisions being fully embraced or amended will be determined by the incoming administration. While a new leadership could shift priorities, elements of the NSM resonate with policies championed by former President Trump as well, particularly regarding infrastructure and electricity capacity.

The AI Buzz Hub team is excited to see where these breakthroughs take us. Want to stay in the loop on all things AI? Subscribe to our newsletter or share this article with your fellow enthusiasts.